To Build a Fire by Jack London why did the traveler die If you know of Essay

To Build a Fire by Jack London why did the traveler die If you know of a personal application for the life lesson shown in this story, you may briefly inclu - Essay Example The man’s errors of judgment leads to his death, whereas the only way out of it would have been to show respect to the advice by experienced people, to the laws of the nature, and to his own natural instincts instead of relying too much on artificial means of survival. London employs a strict and effective economy of words and terse plot construction to produce a powerful story replete with multiple layers of meaning. Though the unpredictable aspects of Nature play a major part in the devastation of the protagonist, the presence of a wild dog that accompanies him on his journey brings in many contrasts. The most significant among them is between the man’s estrangement from his own instincts that causes his death and the uninformed yet natural instincts of the beast that helps it survive. The characterization of the man is done deftly through references to his attitude to the excruciating cold which he understands to be fifty degrees below zero, but is in fact seventy five below zero. London describes that the absence of the sun or the tremendous cold did not make an impression on the man. It is not because he was used to it, as he is a newcomer to the place and it was his first winter. â€Å"The trouble with him was that he was without imagination† (London). He understands the extreme cold temperature on practical terms only, and tries to deal with it logically, taking for granted the man-made equipments which he hopes will protect him from the powers of Nature. The information that the temperature is in fact much below what the man understood it to be is sufficient to prepare the readers for his death. His inexperience in the terrain and his ruthlessness in discarding good advice are also explained from the beginning. However, readers are apt to hope against hope for the man’s survival, as he is depicted as giving a hearty fight till the end. The natural

Environmental and Consumer Influences Analysis

Environmental and Consumer Influences Analysis Introduction When purchasing an item, there are a number of factors that influence the final decision of the buyer. Whether it is a good or a service, there is a process that drives an individual to go for an item and forego the other. He or she takes an evaluation of the product in regard to the market potential before buying, during the action of buying, and even after the final transaction has been made, that is after buying. In other words, it is worth noting that that this is a cognitive process that leads to a specific action among many alternatives. When identifying the decision making process, one notes that consumer behavior becomes the area of concern, in that selecting an item will have impact after transaction has been made, (Connell, 2008). In this essay, I am going to identify and broaden the explanation concerning how psychological, social and some external factors affect the consumer’s decision of purchasing an item such as a communication gadget. Psychological factors These are factors that affect an individual’s mind before making the final decision of purchasing a communication gadget. They constitute of consumers thought, feelings, reasoning, likes and dislike of that product. Attitude, perception and personality are some of the psychological factor that influence the decision making process. On this note, I am going to have a brief explanation how these three factors influence the consumer behavior. Attitude According to Hogg, (2005), attitude refers to individual’s opinions or feelings within the context of marketing, usually expressed through behavior. These components are highly interdependent and will be among the final determinants of the overall forces that will influence buying. In a brief note, an individual may have a certain belief concerning the originality of a product. In this case, he or she is going to be selective basing argument on producers that is the country of origin. A consumer may argue that communication gadgets from a given country are known to be the best in the world, hence rejecting those from competing nations. Perception Perception is the unique way about how an individual understand or view something. Psychology bases arguments to the stimuli being exposed to an individual’s mind. A number of factors affect how one perceives products. Exposure, interpretation, subliminal stimuli and certain laws such as Weber’s law are used to give a psychological explanation of perception. Connell, (2008) says that the number of times an individual gets exposed to a given product will influence his or her purchasing decision. In this case, exposure links to final interpretation making an individual to prefer a mobile phone from a particular company to that of a competing company. This is due to personal views in terms of shape, color and size. Weber’s law supports perception involvement in decision making process with the argument that, even though there may be a little change between the current and the original product, an individual may not experience these changes. He or she will therefore insist purchasing one similar to the one originally exposed to. Closely linked to perception, there is personality, which I have independently explained below. Personality-Every individual has that uniqueness, which makes him or her to behave in a particular way especially in social situations. For instance, if a person is willing to purchase a mobile phone, he or she is going to choose one reflecting his current status in terms of prestige or economic status. Personality is dynamic and involves a pattern of thoughts including feelings and social adjustments that will exhibit consistently hence influencing overall expectation which in turn link to attitude, values and self-perception, (Connell, 2008). Social factors In the decision making process, social factors also has an influence. Among these factors are those fact and experiences influencing or controlling an individual’s lifestyle and personality. They are the factors that affect and direct an individual’s lifestyle dictated by societal expectations. Some of these factors are family, social class and reference groups one has identified him or herself with and the reference groups. Family- This is the basic unit of companionship through birth, marriage or co-residence. A family may influence an individual’s decision of purchasing a product in a very convincing manner. Psychologists such as Karl Marx and Engel has put forward theories to explain the how families may change their structure and effects of such changes. According to their theories, an individual is always tied to decision making process on the basis of this basic unit of identification. For instance, if one is willing to purchase a new mobile phone, the number of people in the family who will be able to use it will influence the final decision. It may sound awkward incase an individual purchase an item and he becomes the only person who can use it with minimal coach maybe due to his or her education status. Social class- Apart from the family, there is that social group or status one is identified with. For instance, an individual may have identified him or herself with a high class group, (Hogg, 2005). This will in turn limit his or her decisions in purchasing items since it must fit with the group requirement. In this case, one will be forced to purchase an expensive phone which might be the latest to be introduced in the market so as to reveal a rich status. On the other hand, an individual from the lower class will prefer a simple communication gadget that will be cheap and will successfully service his or her communication. Reference groups In addition, the kind of daily interactions an individual makes will also determine the type of mobile phone to purchase. There exist different types of groups that a person may interact with on daily basis and in the long run be the ultimate determiners of the model, type, price and even the performance of the item. In this case, one will try to associate him or herself with the group by purchasing a phone similar to majority of the peer. External factors Other than the internal factors, (Connell, 2008), there are other influences that can have an impact on the final decision concerning the purchasing of a mobile phone. They include technology, culture and political influences. Technology It refers to knowledge involved in making and modification of tools for effective usage. Technology may hinder, promote or limit an individual’s desire and ability to purchase an item, in this case a mobile phone. This is because the preference of the buyer may not be available in the market. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, an individual may purchase an item at certain moments so as to gain prestige or self-actualization. This therefore means if one wants the latest model of mobile phone, technology will limit what to purchase due to availability. For instance, a certain model may not be available making an individual to purchase the best offered in the locality though it may not be identified as the best model of his or her wish. Culture-This is a set of beliefs, ideas and ways in which individuals in a particular group or organization behave. The above sets of conditions are the ultimate determinants of how a person will behave in a society. In the case of decision making process, there are situations whereby what one can purchase is limited to the likes and dislikes of the society. For instance, a person might be willing to purchase a mobile phone with a different country of originality yet their country produces phones and in turn limits import of other models. This will limit such a decision and in the long run, one will be required to promote the society one lives in. Political influence It is from politics where laws are amended and implemented. Political stability may promote or limits someone’s ability to move and acquire items of his or her wish. However, a given country may inhibit or promote entry of certain products hence influence an individual’s chance to purchase a product such as mobile phones. Conclusion Ranging from consumer’s own influences, it is now evident that the environment may also influence the ultimate decision of an individual to purchase a product. However, there is more other factor not explained in my essay. These include business ethics, brands, packaging, legal factors and ecological factors among others. References Hogg, M. K. (2005). Consumer behavior I: research and influences. London: SAGE Publications. Connell, K. Y. (2008). Ecological Consumer Decision Making: Nature, Process, and Barriers in Apparel Acquisition. ProQuest.

The Determined Victor Jimmy Connors :: Essays Papers

The Determined Victor Jimmy Connors The Determined Victor What is a hero? A hero is someone who has achieved many goals in their life; someone admired for his impressive exploits; or someone who shows tremendous courage. A hero controls a great deal of power of authority, or strong influence over others. When people envision a hero, they usually think of a champion, a paragon, a conqueror, or a celebrity. Jimmy Connors represented all these qualities. He displayed power when he was on the tennis court, and he asserted his force off the court. Mr. Connors is a dominant, influential powerhouse. A champion was born unknowingly on September 2, 1952. A child was born to rise above his comrades. He was born James Scott Connors after his father. From the time he was barely three years old, no one could tell that little Jimmy was going to be a champion. Destined for glory his mother and grandmother knew that for Jimmy to be great he would have to work extremely hard. So everyday until Jimmy was a teenager his mother and grandmother would drill him with tennis balls, seeing early that he had tremendous talent. Small for his age, Jimmy had to make up for it somehow. So while other children his age played with toys or watched T.V., Jimmy would be out on the tennis court working on his game. Jimmy wanted to be the best. He knew that his success depended on his speed and his technique. Jimmy worked like a demon to make up for the difference. By age 8, Jimmy was skillful enough to enter into tournaments, and he made a good showing in them. Jimmy did not win his first tournament until he was in the ten-year-old competition. The losses only gave him determination and the wins only gave humbleness. Jimmy Connors, a paragon of all sorts, had an unconquerable spirit. Jimmy knew that he had to be himself out on the tennis courts if he wanted to succeed. At times in Jimmy’s career, he was known as a spoiled brat for his cocky attitude. He was often called â€Å"mouth†. He had this spirit ever since he was a young boy. Being the smaller kid of his age group, he had to have something to hold onto.

Lord God forgive me! Essay

   The grenade had been thrown and it goes through it’s stages building up to the horror of the war. â€Å"(Swish swish swish BANG)! † This quote shows that there is silence at first and Sherriff shows what the grenade would do. He shows the tense of the atmosphere for example the type of smooth faint noise the grenade would make when it is in the air and then it builds up to the great noise when the grenade lands on the ground. This quote shows the tense of the atmosphere and the stages it goes through until it seems completely realistic. Sherriff uses the this example in the stage direction to show the horror’s of war through the atmosphere, through noises he is able to show the violence there is in the war, this quote can help the director create the scene and help the audience give a better understanding of the horror’s of war. R. C Sherriff uses a variety of different structures of language through the characters, he shows the audience on how the soldiers had spoken most of the time through out the war and how they might speak due to their class. For example, upper class soldiers would speak in a more posh accent and have a better use of grammar whereas the lower class soldiers would use army jargon such as â€Å"minnies† and â€Å"pineapple’s† as well as slang such as characters dropping the letters in some words, for example a soldier says e instead of he. Sherriff had created characters with this characteristic on language so he could show the rank the men are in. Osborne is from an upper class therefore he uses language in a good sense of grammar and he speaks words in a posh accent. â€Å"Osborne: Cheerio. † This quote shows that a character called Osborne is from an upper class since he uses words like â€Å"Cheerio† which is a posh word. Mason a cook who constantly speaks slang shows his characteristics to be from a lower class since he uses that sort of language and has a poor level of work in the war. â€Å"Mason: E said the leopard can’t change its spots. † This quote shows that a character called Mason is from the lower class since he speaks slang, for example he drops his h when saying he. Sherriff had initially done this because this reflects the rank the men are from so it can give a clear understanding of the characteristics to the audience. The characters Raleigh and Stanhope are significant roles in the play. Raleigh holds the characteristics of a nai ve, inexperienced and gormless person who had just joined the company. Stanhope, who is more opposite to Raleigh, he runs the company which shows that he is much more experienced. Raliegh had known Stanhope from school even though Stanhope was three years older than Raleigh. The characters mainly represent the horrors of war by talking about violence in their conversations and actually going through the process of it when coming to the points of attacking and fighting. Through out the course of the play the characters interact with each other dramatically and emotionally. Their behaviour reflects how they had survived the war, for example they would try not to talk about bad and emotional events and they would try to adapt to positive points while drinking rum. Stanhope talks about upcoming violent events. â€Å"Stanhope: We must expect this attack on Thursday morning. † This quote shows how the characters would represent the horrors of war by talking about an attack which hold the structures of violence, it makes the audience imagine a fight of some sort and injuries which reflect the horror’s of war. When the soldiers were to attend an attack six soldiers went but five came back and one had died which was Osborne. â€Å"Stanhope: Four men and Raleigh came back sir. Colonel: I’m very sorry. Poor Osborne. † This quote shows that one of the soldiers had died which shows death as a part of the horror’s of war and the men interact kindly with each other at this point because their fellow friend had just died. There are many ways the Stanhope and Raleigh had interacted with each other through out the play. At first points of the play Raleigh was more of the shy person and had seemed more scared to talk to Stanhope. â€Å"Stanhope: How did you get here? Raleigh: I was told to report to your company, Stanhope. † This quote shows how Raleigh had reacted in a more respectable manner and had called him Stanhope instead of his original name, Dennis. In addition this quote shows that Raleigh had deliberately joined Stanhope’s company which shows that he cares for Stanhope. The play shows how the soldiers were able to cope with the horrors of war since Stanhope had come back from an attack and he had started to celebrate with the other soldiers as soon as he gets back. â€Å"Mason: I thought I might tell you sir, this is the last bottle. Stanhope: The last bottle! Why damn it, we brought six. Mason: I know sir, but five of them have gone. † This quote shows that even after Osborne’s death, the soldiers are not that emotional because they face their problems to alcohol and try not to remember those emotional and heartbreaking moments. This quote shows the behaviour the soldiers had that would help them to cope with the horror’s of war. Overall this play shows the horrific effects of war and that it puts a bad example on a person, and soldiers are not treated fairly due to their personal problems. In my opinion I think that there is no reason for war, it does nothing other than create a bigger stage of conflict. It ruins many soldiers life, when they could have had a ordinary life but war can put immediate effect on it. Overall I think that R. C Sherriff had tried to outline the horrors of war, the causes of it and how it can also cause soldiers to suffer. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Mayon: the Origin Essay

Her unsullied splendor cannot be denied. The sight of her can take one’s breath away. She is simply radiant as she stands tall and grand in the horizon. She is truly a one of a kind beauty that captivates anyone who pays her a visit. You have to be visually challenged to miss her brilliance. When she sleeps, she’s as gentle as a baby but when she stirs, she could easily strike horror among the hearts of men. She is loved for her beauty and tranquillity and spurned for her sometimes deadly and devastating aspect. This beauty is none other but the majestic Mt. Mayon which is located in the province of Albay in the Bicol region. It is known around the globe for its flawless cone shape. In some ways, she is like a shy maiden who likes to hide, using the clouds above her like a veil. Legendary Origin The legend of Mt. Mayon goes around the tragic love story of a beautiful young heroine named Daragang Magayon and a dauntless warrior. The legend has been narrated and passed on from generation to generation by the people of Albay. The legend has become a part of the lives of the people living in Daraga, Albay because Mt. Mayon plays an integral part in their beliefs, cultural practices and festivities. In fact, there’s an annual festival called Magayon Festival which is celebrated every month of May. The festival relives the legend of Mount Mayon. Different versions of the origin of the majestic Mayon Volcano have risen because of the oral tradition of telling stories and handing them down to the next line of descent. First version The legend is about the story of a beautiful lady named Daragang Magayon who lives in Kabikolan before the separation of the Philippines to mainland Asia. At that time, a maiden could not marry a man who lived outside the Kabikolan. Daragang Magayon rejected a native suitor named Paratuga. He was rich but selfish. She confessed to her father, Tiong Makusog, who also happened to be the chief of the village that she had fallen in love with a stranger named Panganoron, who saved her from drowning. Her father loved her so much and told her that he would find a way to fulfil the longing of her heart. The manipulative Paratuga decided to kidnap Tiong Makusog to force Daragang Magayon to marry him. The lovely maiden did not have a choice but to agree to the kidnapper’s demand. When Panganoron found out about the deceit, he attacked the village of Paratuga. As soon as he arrived at the wedding ceremony, Daragang Magayon hurried to his side but she was hit by a stray arrow. As Panganoron lifted the fallen maiden, he was attacked from behind. The lovers died in that unfortunate event. Tiong Makusog buried his daughter together with all her earthly possessions that Paratuga had bestowed on her as wedding gifts such as gold and precious stones. To everyone’s surprise, the burial ground began to rise a week after the burial. There were always white clouds hovering on top of the mound. The mound grew bigger and bigger as time passed. The legend goes on that the angry spirit of Paratuga sometimes attempts to unearth the grave of Daragang Magayon to get back the gold and precious stones that he gave her, which causes tremors and volcanic eruptions. He never succeeds in his quest and always ends up getting rocks and lava from the volcano. The cloud that hovers over the volcano is said to be the spirit of Panganoron who still weeps over the loss of his love. His tears fall to the earth as raindrops. Second version There lived a man named Magayon who had a beautiful princess as a niece. He was tremendously protective of her and never allowed a man to come close enough to ask her hand. One day, a brave warrior arrived and became attracted to the princess’ beauty. He asked the aid of the wind to help him pass through the royal chamber so he could lure the princess to elope with him. When the lovers left, Magayon followed them. The princess and the warrior asked the help of the Gods to save them. Suddenly a landslide occurred and buried Magayon. According to the legend, the eruption of Mt. Mayon is brought about by the anger of Magayon. Third version The third version of the legend is told by Laura Agpay, a native of Bicol. There was once a princess named Daragang Magayon. She lived in Bicol where her family reigned supreme over the entire place. She was known for her unrivalled beauty. Many warriors, princes and datus would travel from different areas of the country in the hope of getting her hand in marriage. Magayon did not like any of the royalties who were presented to her because her heart has already been captured by a warrior and prince named Handiong. Unfortunately, Handiong hailed from the rival tribe, the enemy of Magayon tribe. Magayon and Handiong suffered tremendously from their tribes’ attempts to separate them. When they could not stand being apart anymore, they fled, which resulted to a blood bath between the two enemy tribes. The young lovers could not accept the pain and torment of the events that followed. The two decided to end their lives. Even in death, the tribes separated the young couple. After several months, the Magayon tribe noticed a volcano growing in the spot where Magayon was buried. They named the volcano â€Å"Bulkang Magayon† depicting its perfect shape just like their beautiful Daragang Magayon.

Essay Sample on Symbolism in the Scarlet Letter

Essay Sample on Symbolism in the Scarlet Letter Throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter there is the repeated use of symbolism. To some readers the use of repeated symbolism is Hawthornes way to unify the novel and add a deeper level of meaning to the story. To others this symbolism is seen as a monotonous repetition that becomes mechanical at times. Henry James found the symbolism in the Scarlet Letter very repetitious. James states that, In The Scarlet Letter there is a great deal of symbolism; there is I think, too much. It is over done at times, and becomes mechanical (445). To prove his point James uses an example. James states that, The Idea of the mystic A which the young minister finds imprinted upon his breast and eating into his flesh, in sympathy with the embroidered badge that Hester is condemned to wear appears to me to be a case in point. This suggestion should, I think have been just made and dropped (445). The A, which is imbedded into Dimmesdale breast, can be viewed as James stated. Although, others could argue that this A which covers his heart helps the reader to see that the minister will never be able to escape his sin even if he doesnt have the strength to admit it. Dimmesdale is forced to take the A with him where ever he goes as a remembrance. Without the A imbedded on his chest, the reader would lose the valuable connection between the agonies that Dimmesdale must face without revealing his sin. Also, the A that is on Dimmesdales breast is repeatedly seen in the gesture of placing his hand over his heart. This is the ministers attempt to cover his mark of sinfulness and prevent his exposure. It also suggests his nervous condition and grieved state. Two examples of Dimmesdale caught in the act of trying to hide his sin by this gesture are when Hawthorne says, She will not speak! Murmured Mr. Dimmesdale, who leaning over the balcony, with his hand upon his heart, had awaited the result of his appeal (64). This scene takes place when Hester is on the scaffold and is asked to reveal the man who sinned with her and she refuses. The second example of this repeated symbolism is when Hawthorne writes The mostly do,said the clergyman, gripping hard at his breast as if afflicted with an importunate throb of pain(121). This scene takes place when Chillingworth is trying to get Dimmesdale to c onfess to his sin. Without the repetition of Dimmesdale grabbing at his chest or putting his hand over his heart, the reader would lose site of the agony that Dimmesdale is experiencing keeping his secret locked away from the world. Henry James also argues that the repetition of symbolism ruins the poetic writing of Hawthorne. This is supported by the scene where Dimmesdale is on the scaffold and calls Hester and Pearl to join him. James states that, In this masterly episode the effect is almost spoiled by the introduction of one of these superficial conceits (445). Henry James is impressed that it is an imaginative, poetic scene but the red A ruins it. James concludes, We feel he goes to far and is in danger of crossing the line that separates the sublime from the intimate neighbour. We are tempted to say that this is not moral tragedy, but physical comedy (446). Another view of this scene might be that the A helps the reader to see that neither Hester or Dimmesdale, wherever they are, can ever escape the blood red A that haunts them both because of their sin. The A adds to the pain the characters are experiencing and allows the reader to become sympathetic. Without the repetition of the blood red A it is impos sible to understand how deeply it effects all the characters in the Scarlet Letter and that it is a plague that will follow all of them till their deaths. There are three scenes in the Scarlet letter that include the scaffold. In all three scenes the scaffold is a symbol of repentance and Gods platform on the day of Judgment. It is a reflection of appearing before the almighty in ones weakness. At first Dimmesdale experiences great difficulty in standing on the platform and confessing his sin first when he asks Hester to tell the world of the man who has sinned with her and when he stands on the scaffold at night. But in the end, Dimmesdale is able to bravely stand on the scaffold and confess his sins in the light and before the Puritan people. With out these three scenes with the scaffold and the symbolism that the scaffold holds, the reader would be unable to experience Dimmesdale the coward or Dimmesdale taking a stand for the sins he has committed. When reading a novel there is always going to be different ways to view the authors style of writing. In Henry Jamess case he founds Hawthornes repetition of symbolism to be overused and took away from the poetic style that Hawthorne creates. But others might have seen Hawthornes symbolism as the defining quality of the book. The symbolism helped the novel define aspects of the story and repeated them so the reader would not lose sight of the importance of them. You can also order a custom written term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation or essay on symbolism from our professional custom writing service which provides high-quality custom papers at an affordable cost. Here is a list of the most interesting essay topics on symbolism: 1. Lord of the Flies: Symbolism 2. Symbolism in Oedipus Rex 3. Symbolism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown 4. The Symbolism Of The Conch, The Pigs Head And The Fire 5. Symbolism in the short story The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe 6. The Symbolism found In A Rose for Emily 7. Symbolism in Ethan Frome 8. Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea 9. Symbolism in To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee 10. Symbolism in Heart of Darkness 11. Symbolism in John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men 12. The Symbolism in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 13. Symbolism in the Dead by James Joyce 14. Symbolism in the Great Gatsby 15. Symbolism in King Lear 16. Symbolism in the Masque of the Red Death 17. The Symbolism of Captain Ahab in Moby Dick 18. Symbolism in Mrs Dalloway 19. Ethan Frome Symbolism 20. Symbolism in Faulkners Barn Burning 21. Symbolism of Cyrano De Bergerac 22. Symbolism of Robert Frost 23. symbolism of Beowulf 24. Symbolism in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† 25. Symbolism in Morte DArthur 26. American Beauty symbolism 27. Symbolism of Plant in A Raisin In The Sun 28. Symbolism of Blood in Macbeth 29. Symbolism in Catcher of the Rye 30. Symbolism in George Eliots The Lifted Veil

20 English Project Topics on the Relationship Between the Language and Culture

20 English Project Topics on the Relationship Between the Language and Culture Writing a project or an essay on the relationship between language and culture can be termed as one of the more difficult writing tasks out there due to the limited information on the subject matter. Therefore, to ease the troubles of anyone assigned with such a project, this article was written to provide you with a roadmap that can be followed right from the start to develop your own thoughts. But before delving into today’s topic, it is important for you to know that this is the second article in a 3 article series covering the relationship between language and culture. These three articles were written to provide you with facts, essay project topics and sample essays on how to go about working on your project. Now, the second article will help you choose topics on the relationship between language and culture for your essay. Lastly, included below is a sample essay chosen from the provided list and worked on to provide you with a realistic view of the task ahead. So sit back, relax and soak up the timely information contained here as it will serve you perfectly when working on any writing projects. Here are the topics: Discussing the Relationship Between Language and Culture Cultural Learning in Language Education The Relationship between Language and Culture and the Implications for Language Teaching How Does Culture Influence Language? The Role Culture Plays in Learning the Second Language The Role of Culture in Cross-Cultural Communication The Relationship Between Language, Culture and Gender The Relation Between Language, Culture and Thought The Role of Culture in Teaching and Learning Languages The Inseparable Link Between Language and Culture Language, the Individual, Society and Language How Culture Influences the Way We Speak Developing Cultural Awareness in Foreign Language Teaching The Importance of Teaching Culture in Foreign Language Classrooms Exploring the Relationship Between Language and Cultural Identity Symbols and Language in Human Culture Understanding the Factors that Influence the Acquisition of a Second Language The Effect of Environment and Culture on Language Development Is Language Acquisition a Cultural Process? How Culture Affects the Language Development Process of Children These are definitely some cool essay project topic on the relationship between language and culture for your project. Very important is the fact that most of these topics are quite easy to research and draft when the need arises. But if you are still at a loss on how to proceed, the next paragraphs will provide a sample article based on one of the topics on the list. The chosen essay topic is ‘The Role Culture Plays in Learning a Second Language’. As earlier stated, this essay is written with the aim of providing you with appropriate guidelines on how to easily draft an essay on any of the topics on the list above. Sample English Project: The Relationship Between a Language and Culture The National Centre for Cultural Competence defines the term culture as an integrated pattern of human behaviour that includes thoughts, communications, languages, practices, beliefs, values and customs as well as the expected behaviour of a racial, ethnic or social group and the ability to transmit the above to succeeding generations. This means that language is not just a part of how culture is defined but it also reflects culture. This means learning a second language is quite synonymous to understanding the culture that had born that language and this essay will attempt to shed more light on the roles understanding a society’s culture has to play in learning the language synonymous to it. Linguists and anthropologists have since stated that learners of a new or second language must acquire knowledge of the culture for this gives them insight into the use of certain terminologies and the intonations that go appropriately with them. This simplifies communication for the learner as it ensures that he or she uses the right expressions when greeting, making requests and concurring or disagreeing with someone. Such in-depth understanding eliminates the possibility of accidental misunderstandings or fracas occurring due to the student’s poor command of the language. It is also a known fact that language is the basis for communication. And communication is not just an exchange of information, but it is a highly cognitive and important activity that takes into context the social life and the lifestyle of a people. Therefore teaching cultural differences as well as what is acceptable by a culture to students learning a new language provides the learner with some perspective of how people from that particular culture view the world. For example, it is important that students understand how seriously position or seniority is viewed in France so they make use of the right pronouns when addressing people in authority when speaking in French. This cultural knowledge will provide students of the French language with the understanding needed to use the informal form of address ‘tu’ or the formal form ‘vous’ in an appropriate manner. The importance of culture has also been in highlighted by many foreign language teachers who believe that culture should be taught as a fifth language skill in addition to listening, speaking, reading and writing due to its role in understanding the expressions and terminologies of a language. These teachers also believe that when teaching a new language or culture to a set of students, the teaching process should be devoid of racism, superiority complex and any preconceptions or stereotyping. This is because such factors may affect the attitude of the learner towards the people from a particular culture thereby integrating a condescending attitude in the student’s speech patterns. In conclusion, learning a second language is one of the best ways to receive insight into the cultural way of life prevalent in a society. And this makes it important for students, to learn more about the culture that produced the second language they have considered learning. Here we come to the end of the second article in the Language and culture series and we believe this sample will provide you with the information you need to draft an excellent essay on today’s subject matter. References: Campbell, L. (1997). The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. http://venus.va.com.au/suggestion/sapir.html Dhur, K. (2004). General Introduction to Sociology: A theoretical perspective. Goode, T., Sockalingam, S., Brown, M., Jones, W. (2004). Infusing principles, content and themes related to cultural and linguistic competence into meetings and conferences. georgetown.edu/research/gucdc/nccc/ncccplannersguide.html Maiga, C. (2004). Learning Culture and Language through ICTs: Methods for Enhanced Instruction 25-30. https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=ihwv7TNtUSgCpg=PA272lpg=PA272dq=+cal.org/resources/digest/0309peterson.htmlsource=blots=fa63R4Ck0xsig=wO9jD4nxFXN3Y50xaZhGExKz-hUhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwi-vNC1x4TOAhVJBMAKHS_nBAYQ6AEILzAE#v=onepageq=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.%20cal.org%2Fresources%2Fdigest%2F0309peterson.htmlf=false Crystal, D. (2002). The English Language 38-45. Brock, N. Nagasaka, Y. (2005). Teaching pragmatics in the EFL classroom? SURE you can! TESL Reporter, 38 (1), 17-26. Jiang, W. (2000). The relationship between culture and language, 54(4), 328- 334.

Folks versus People

Folks versus People Folks versus People Folks versus People By Maeve Maddox Recently I was amused to hear Jon Stewart express bewilderment at George Bushs continued use of the word folks in inappropriate contexts. This is one of many of the Presidents peculiarities of speech that has bothered me for some time. Stewart was referring to this remark in the Presidents July 4 speech: Many of the spectacular car bombings and killings you see are as a result of al Qaeda the very same folks that attacked us on September the 11th. Folks is notat least it hasnt been since Chaucers timean exact synonym for people. Whereas people is a standard word that may be used in any context, folks is a colloquialism with definite connotations. Folks generally suggests a certain warmth and down home flavor. Just as kids is not the most appropriate word to use when talking about young people who have robbed a store and beaten its owner, folks is probably not the best word to use when referring to people who go around blowing up shoppers at the local market or mourners at a funeral. The word folk can refer to a group of people related in some way, either by blood or by occupation. For example, one can speak of farmer folk as well as the German folk. When used to refer to members of a nation, folk usually carries the connotation of the common people. Folklore is the study or body of stories and beliefs of the common people. Likewise folk music is less sophisticated than classical or pop. The adjective folksy implies the relaxed, informal behavior and speech associated with rural people. President Bush, for example, wins many of his supporters by projecting a folksy Texas image that belies his expensive education at an Andover prep school and at Yale and Harvard universities. The word people can mean something other than human beings in general. In expressions like the motto the People rule, people has the sense of the public, all of the people as a political entity. The phrase you people is sometimes used to lump people for criticism, as in You people dont know what youre talking about! or even simply You people! Small mythical humanoid creatures, like leprechauns, may be called either the Little People or the Little Folk. In addition to being the most usual noun for human beings considered collectively, people can also be used as a verb meaning to populate or give birth to more human beings: According to the Hebrew Book of Genesis, Adam and Eve peopled the earth with their descendants. Unlike my folks which means my family members, the expression my people seems to mean people who work for me or people who look out for my interests. Only time will tell what finally happens with folks. Heard frequently enough, nonstandard usage comes to sound right. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†The Four Sounds of the Spelling OUHow to Write a Proposal

Types of the Project Management Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Types of the Project Management Policy - Essay Example This paper illustrates that project management is one of the crucial strategic attributes for the organizations. It encompasses the systematic process of accomplishing any project. Mainly, the project managers are implementing information, expertise and sustainable techniques in the project phases. Execution of various projects is more effective and efficient with the help of prior project management policies. Competency of the organization increases gradually with the help of goal orientated project process. In the current study, the researcher has made an in-depth analysis of various project management policies. A major role of the project manager is to monitor and control different project related process. They collect information from the employees and other project members. Then they measure the performance of the employees and disseminate various information regarding the gaps in performance, with respect to benchmark criteria. This information will aid managers in making more feasible assessment process. These factors will help management to outline tendency of projects. Forecasting policy of project manager will carry out remedial actions for the project operations. In addition, risk management will be helping organizations in making the growth. Project managers will suggest some remedial actions for developing project operational policies. In addition, anticipatory actions for possible risk facing during the project will be adopted by the project managers. Project management process will also outline different policies like the prediction of project outcome, detection of faults or defects and change management. Project managers must be able to control the changes that are incorporated along with the project operational policies. Managers control the changes in any project so that they are able to merge remedial measures. In this context, managers are making the approval for any sort of operational changes in the project. They can also reject certain ch anges that would create more risks in the project.

Faith and Vocation-Child and Family Services Coursework

Faith and Vocation-Child and Family Services - Coursework Example I have a strong vocation for child and family services because this field offers the most opportunity for integration of faith. Following discussion seeks to illuminate the reality of this claim that â€Å"developing a strong bond between faith and vocation can help one give a definite spiritual meaning to professions like child and family services.† Fea (2010) claims that people are obligated to use whatever knowledge they have in promoting common good according to how it is stipulated in the Bible. According to Hughes & Hughes (2005), it is our duty as Christians to use our skills in a manner that reflects the position we are given by God. Christians believe that God is very pleased when He sees His people using their skills in accordance with the Holy Scriptures. In Matthew 5: 44, Jesus announces the desire of God saying, â€Å"Love your enemies, bless them that curse you† (cited in Scheele, 2006, p. 131). Therefore, it is a religious obligation of children and family service providers to remain professional under all circumstances and help their clients despite their inadequacies. We are not sent by our Lord to greedily advance our personal interests while eschewing the welfare of humanity. It is due to the fact that we have stopped seeing faith and vocation as two entities inextricably linked to one another that such despair and anguish has taken the place of peace in our lives. Remembering the teachings of Jesus Christ when interacting with disadvantaged children and families is bound to motivate us to give our best to those in need because of this influential message in our minds that we have to die one day and answer God. It is important to enumerate just how faith can be expressed by a professional within the field of children and family services. For example, a child of divorced parents can be assisted by a certified specialist in dealing with pressures of daily life by encouraging his/her faith. Every time a disadvantaged child is brought by children

International trade has many potential benefits for participating Essay - 1

International trade has many potential benefits for participating countries, yet government regularly impose barriers to trade. By using real-life examples, dis - Essay Example Besides offering cost reduction advantages, there are also other benefits of the international trade including the opening up of the economy to evolve technologically. However, despite these perceived benefits, many governments do not allow the free access to the international trade and impose various trade related barriers to curb the international trade. There are various reasons and ways through which governments put bars on the international trade. This essay will look into the reasons behind why the governments do this and how they do this however before discussing this, I will be discussing about what international trade is and what benefits it provides to the countries that engage into the international trade with each other. International trade is a field of economics that applies microeconomic models to help understand the international economy. (Suranovic, 2004). The tools included for analysis in this field of economics include demand and supply analysis, consumer behavior, market structures as well as the impacts of market distortions. The basic assumption behind the international trade is comparative advantage. Comparative advantage exists when a country has superiority over another country in terms of producing goods or services. Comparative advantage is achieved when the opportunity cost of producing that good or service is low. Historical account of international trade would suggest that the theory of comparative advantage in the international trade was developed by David Ricardo more than two hundred years ago. This basic theory of David Ricardo however further modified and refined by Heckscher, Ohlin and Samuelsson. All these economists argued that all the countries different factor endowments of labor, land and capital inputs. Countries will specialize in and export those products which use intensively the factors of production which they are most endowed. Based on the comparative advantage of the international

Constitution questions Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Constitution questions - Article Example That said, however, I would advise that you follow certain guidelines. First, the funding should go to organizations which do not discriminate based upon religious belief or affiliation. Second, the group must not link the distribution of the social benefits to attendance at a church or conversion to a faith. If these guidelines are followed, then the funding of the faith-based initiatives should be fine. Let me begin by stating that free speech is guaranteed under the First Amendment, and should not be abridged except in the most serious of circumstances. This case, as you can see hardly rises to this level; indeed, the pamphlets are merely descriptive and carry no political or ideological message which might be construed as an incitement to violence or the causing of a panic. That something may be offensive is hardly a justification for abridging speech. Without more, these pamphlets, however distasteful to some, ought not to be censored. It must be noted at the outset that defamation, the publication of a fact which is false and harms a person's reputation, is not accorded First Amendment protection in many situations.

Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities Essay

Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities - Essay Example Diasporas are nothing but groups that migrants form on the basis of a shared homeland, culture, etc. Forming a diaspora is a way in which migrant communities regroup in a foreign country after getting dispersed in their homeland. Some of these diasporas are political, and have a huge role to play in the domestic politics of both the homeland and the host state as well as in international politics and foreign affairs of states; but again, some of these diasporas are apolitical, and their influence is limited only to culture- of both the host state and the homeland. This paper also discusses the political and cultural impacts of diasporas. For the purpose of writing this paper, a variety of sources have been used- books as well as the internet. It is hoped that the paper is conclusive in itself and satisfactorily explains everything that is important in the context of the dispersal and regrouping of migrant communities. Yann Martel, the Canadian author, says something in his Booker Prize-winning novel Life of Pi that is relevant here: " Why do people move What makes them uproot and leave everything they've known for a great unknown beyond the horizon Why climb this Mount Everest of formalities that makes you feel like a beggar Why enter this jungle of foreignness where everything is new, strange and difficult The answer is the same the world over: people move in the hope of a better life." ( 2001: 77) Yes, it is perhaps in search of a better life that people all over the world move. Changes in a country's political and economic situation can lead people to move from that country to another- all in search of a better life. Affluent countries in Europe and America are prime destinations for migrants from Third-World countries, evidently because they promise a better life. "Resurgent ethnic, religious and nationalist forces have emerged from the often violent disintegration of nation-states and their reconstitution. These new forces and other new features, like the revolution in global communications, have combined with prior social, economic and political pressures to generate new patterns of migration in the post-Cold War era. As a result, from being a relatively peripheral concern until recently, migration has since the late 1980s moved swiftly up the international agenda to become an issue of heated public debate." ( Van Hear, 1998) Questions such as who should be allowed to migr ate and the rights migrants should have are generating such debates. Xenophobia and racism have often made natural citizens of a particular country treat immigrants in a way that violates human rights- this is also a prime concern for the international community. Migration is nothing new. It has been happening for centuries- people moved from Europe to America when this continent was discovered, of course in search of a better life. Way back in the 16th century, the Mughals under Babur moved from West Asia to India- to conquer, yes, but ultimately in search of a better life. Even earlier, the Aryans moved from West Asia and surrounding parts of Europe to India- that too is an example of migration. But migration in the late 20th century and in the 21st century has assumed different proportions. Van Hear mentions what various commentators have

Community service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community service - Research Paper Example The program is meant to be of value to the greater community. The program was initiated in the United States and the legislatures adopted it to avoid the overcrowding experienced in prisons. Offenders who were convicted of non-violent charges would be given days and hours to work in community services rather than being taken to prison (Alarid, 2014). The offenders would also be ordered to make restitution to the various victims in lieu of incarceration. The program however has had it share view of criticism particularly during the early days of its enactment. People would argue that the community services would be beneficial to the community, which had not suffered any loss or affected in the crime. There were suggestions that the community was never a victim in any crime conducted to a person. There were further suggestions that the community service did not make good the community and so it would be a waste to establish the program. To counter these false accusations, judges proved that the community is a secondary victim of any crime. In th e 1997 case ruling (Van Ness and Strong), the judge ruled that the community suffered psychological injuries brought about by fear of any crime committed. The community has in several cases been forced to raise insurance costs and make donations making it to be a secondary victim of any crime committed. Under the program, the crime offender gets the chance to see how his or her crime has impacted the community and get a firsthand experience of the indirect injuries his or her crime causes. Community service gives the offender a chance to see the limit the society tolerates his or her actions. The program gives the offender a proactive and constructive chance to repair the damages caused by his or her crime. Community service is centered on accountability rather than rehabilitation or punishment. The program focuses on the strengths rather than their needs or the offenders. The program overlooks a person’s lack of

Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities Essay

Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities - Essay Example Diasporas are nothing but groups that migrants form on the basis of a shared homeland, culture, etc. Forming a diaspora is a way in which migrant communities regroup in a foreign country after getting dispersed in their homeland. Some of these diasporas are political, and have a huge role to play in the domestic politics of both the homeland and the host state as well as in international politics and foreign affairs of states; but again, some of these diasporas are apolitical, and their influence is limited only to culture- of both the host state and the homeland. This paper also discusses the political and cultural impacts of diasporas. For the purpose of writing this paper, a variety of sources have been used- books as well as the internet. It is hoped that the paper is conclusive in itself and satisfactorily explains everything that is important in the context of the dispersal and regrouping of migrant communities. Yann Martel, the Canadian author, says something in his Booker Prize-winning novel Life of Pi that is relevant here: " Why do people move What makes them uproot and leave everything they've known for a great unknown beyond the horizon Why climb this Mount Everest of formalities that makes you feel like a beggar Why enter this jungle of foreignness where everything is new, strange and difficult The answer is the same the world over: people move in the hope of a better life." ( 2001: 77) Yes, it is perhaps in search of a better life that people all over the world move. Changes in a country's political and economic situation can lead people to move from that country to another- all in search of a better life. Affluent countries in Europe and America are prime destinations for migrants from Third-World countries, evidently because they promise a better life. "Resurgent ethnic, religious and nationalist forces have emerged from the often violent disintegration of nation-states and their reconstitution. These new forces and other new features, like the revolution in global communications, have combined with prior social, economic and political pressures to generate new patterns of migration in the post-Cold War era. As a result, from being a relatively peripheral concern until recently, migration has since the late 1980s moved swiftly up the international agenda to become an issue of heated public debate." ( Van Hear, 1998) Questions such as who should be allowed to migr ate and the rights migrants should have are generating such debates. Xenophobia and racism have often made natural citizens of a particular country treat immigrants in a way that violates human rights- this is also a prime concern for the international community. Migration is nothing new. It has been happening for centuries- people moved from Europe to America when this continent was discovered, of course in search of a better life. Way back in the 16th century, the Mughals under Babur moved from West Asia to India- to conquer, yes, but ultimately in search of a better life. Even earlier, the Aryans moved from West Asia and surrounding parts of Europe to India- that too is an example of migration. But migration in the late 20th century and in the 21st century has assumed different proportions. Van Hear mentions what various commentators have

Reveiw of Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reveiw of - Research Proposal Example However, a more dominant reason that poses the real problem in containing CHF is the non compliance by patients of the physician’s instructions. This it leads to recurrent hospitalization of the patient and the path to recovery becomes cumbersome and, more often than not, fatal result ensure. Thus, the theory gains importance as on the prospect of evolving the proper means to identify the problems and come up with appropriate solutions to eradicate the same. The major findings to this theory of non compliance to physicians’ instructions stems mainly due to certain factors mentioned below: 1. Inability of patients to recognize correctly signs and symptoms of CHF. 2. Strategic failure to encourage patients to adhere to medication and create awareness and also physicians’ tendency to underestimate the values of preventive treatment. 3. Lack of expertise as well as focused study by physicians and other healthcare professionals in the subject and the areas where scope exists for improvement, to remove bottlenecks, besides curtailing any notion of prejudiced barriers. Therefore, to bring more CHF patients under the ambit of compliance, the task of basic training and education and incorporating many of the solutions and recommendations brought forth in the review of the research work discussed below are expected to help in overcoming the misconceptions of non-compliance. Review of Research In the modern day, with its problematic lifestyles, CHF has become a major threat to human lives. The challenges for healthcare professionals, in controlling this fatal issue in terms of finding solutions of long term nature, are a critical factor. This makes it necessary to identify the hurdles they confront in the process of recovery and rehabilitation of the patients assigned to their care, and how they can overcome the major constraints. Keeping in view this vital aspect, the broader concern that emerges is whether noncompliance plays a key role in recurrent hospitalization of CHF patients because of the physician’s underestimation in preventive treatment for improved outcomes. This major hurdle in efficient management of Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Time (PICOT) occurs mainly due to noncompliance by patients of the physician’s instructions due to lack of lack of awareness. In agreement of this hypothesis there exists overwhelming evidence and the reasons for the same, as gleaned from a literature review on the topic, are narrated below: 4. Ignorance and lack of understanding regarding signs and symptoms of CHF. 5. Strategic failure to encourage patients to adhere to medication and creating awareness in them on the need to overcome such problems through strict compliance. 6. The physicians and other healthcare professionals lack expertise in the subject and the areas where scope exists for improvement as well as to remove bottlenecks. Besides, they need to eschew any notion of prejudiced barriers. Hen ce, a formula has to be evolved, where more patients of CHF are brought under the perspective of compliance to preventive treatment and how basic training and education will help identifying the causes as well as signs and symptoms. Besides, it will also facilitate deciding and administrating the medication and treatment that

Detection and Mitigation of DDOS Attack

Detection and Mitigation of DDOS Attack A Survey on Detection and Mitigation of Distributed Denial of Service attack in Named  Data Networking Sandesh Rai1*, Dr. Kalpana Sharma 2, and Dependra Dhakal 3 1Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Student, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo, Sikkim. 2Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Head of Department, Professor, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo, Sikkim 3Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Assistant Professor, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo ,Sikkim Abstract. There are various number of on-going research are taking place thats aims to provide next best Internet architecture although there are varieties of scope and maturity. This research is mainly based on to provide better security and better privacy as basic requirements of the protocol. Denial of Service Attacks which is a major issue in current Internet architecture also plays a critical issue in any new upcoming internet architecture and requires major focus for the same. The paper focus on the Interest flooding attack which is one the different type of Distributed Denial of service attack (DDOS).NDN incorporates better security features that detect and mitigate certain attack in the networks. But its resilience to the attacks has not analyzed yet. It presents the Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) in Named Data Networking where an adversary sends out Interest packet with spoof names as an attacking packet to the NDN router. Keywords: NDN, DDOS, Content store, Pending Interest Table, Cache pollution. 1 Introduction Clearly internet has become a part of the day todays life of the people. Millions of people around the world use it to do various type of day todays task. It connect millions of people around the world via wired ,wireless, mobile or fixed computing devices and host huge amount of information(which is in the digital form) to be used by people. Internet provides information to be exchanged and has exponentially grown over time. The main ideas of the Todays internet architecture were developed in 70s.The telephone where conversation was point to point. The utilization of the Internet has dramatically changed since 70s and current internet has to adapt well with new usage model, new application and new services. To cope up with these changes, a variety number of research is taking place to design a new Internet architecture. Named Data Networking (NDN) [1] is one of the ongoing research .Its main objective is to developed a next best Internet architecture for upcoming generation. Its an instantiation of the of the Information Centric approach (ICN) or Content Centric approach (CCN) [1][2][3]. The main objective of the CCN is to provide more flexibility, security and scalability. CCN provide more security by securing the individual pieces of content rather than securing the connection. It provides more flexibility by using content name instead of using IP addresses. NDN is one of the instances of Information Centric Networking (ICN).NDN is based on the working principle of Content-Centric Networking (CCN) [3], where content instead of hosts are the main focus in the communications architecture. NDN is one of the research projects funded by the United State of National Science Foundation (NSF) which is under Future Internet Architecture (FIA) Program [3].NDN focus on the name rather than the location of th e host. In NDN every pieces of the data is digitally signed by its source producer. The signing in data allows the producer to be trusted and authenticated. Caching of the data is one of the core features of the NDN which helps to optimum use of network bandwidth use in the network . NDN provide an attractive architecture for the data distribution, anonymous communication. 1.1 Distributed Denial of service attack: As the years goes by, Distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack have become common and dangerous and it remains among the most critical threats on the current Internet. They are very difficult to detect and mitigate. Any new architecture should detect and mitigate DoS attack or at least minimum their effeteness. NDN appear to be efficient for the distribution of the content for the legitimate parties but unknown to malicious parties. Instead of using single host computer and single connection for the internet, the DDOS attack utilizes various number of host computers and various number of internet connections. The host computers for an attack are distributed across the whole wide world. The difference between a DOS attack VS a DDOS attack is that the victim host will be overloaded by thousands number of resources requests. In the attacks process, the adversary host node in the network sends request a huge number of zombie for the attack to take place. A malicious user attacks the n etwork host by requesting resources in a huge number in the form of Interest packets with spoofed names or without spoofed name. These huge numbers of Interest consumes the bandwidth of the network and exhaust a routers memory. This type of attack is known as Interest Flooding Attack (IFA) and this paper exclusively focus on this problem and their proposed countermeasures. 2 Overview of NDN Architecture Named data networking is an new and ongoing research architecture whose motivation is the architectural mixed of current internet architecture and its various usage. However the architecture design and principles are motivational derivation from the successes of todays Internet architecture [4]. The thin waist as can be seen in Figure 1 of hour glass architecture was the key service of the enormous growth of the internet by allowing both upside layer and bottom layer technologies to innovate independently. The NDN architecture contains the same hourglass shape as shown in Figure 1.2.1, but changes the thin waist by using data directly rather than its location. Figure 2.1 [4]: NDN Hourglass Architectures For communication, NDN provide two different packets i.e. Interest and Data packets. A user asks for resources by issuing Interest packet to the router in the network, which contains a name for those particular resources that identifies and verifies the desired data for the host. Different fields of a data packet [5]: 1.Signature: To verify data. 2. Key locator: To verify signature. 3. Publisher Public Key Digest: Public key hash of the producer. 4. Content name: Name of the requested data. 5 Selector: which include scope: and reserved. Figure 2.2 [6]: Packets in the NDN Architecture Any node having data that satisfies it, a Data packet is issued by the satisfied router [7], each router of NDN contains following different three data structures for Interest packet and Data packet forwarding. i) Content Store (CS): Recently used data are store. ii) Forward Information Base (FIB): Routing table of name of the data and it guides Interests toward data producers [8]. iii) Pending Interest Table (PIT): Store unsatisfied data request. It record the requested data name[8]. 3 Interest Flooding attacks By using the information and state of the Pending Interest Table (PIT), a routing of content by router is performed. In the PIT the name of requesting content is looked up for identifying its entry. The malicious node uses the state of the PIT to perform DDOS attacks. Basically there are three types of Interest Flooding attack [9]: a) Static: This type of attack attacks the infrastructure of the network and is limited and caching provides a build in solution. The interest is satisfied by the content of the cache [10]. b) Dynamically generated: Here the requested resources is dynamic and all the requested interest reaches to the content producer depleting the network bandwidth and state of the Pending Interest Table (PIT).Since the requested content is dynamic, in build cache does not serve as countermeasure for the attacks[10]. c) Non- existing: This report focus on this attack type where attacker involves non-satisfiable interest for a non-existing content in the network. These kinds of interest are not taken care by the router and are routed to the content producer depleting network bandwidth and router PIT states [11]. In all three types of attacks the malicious host uses a very large number of fake request, which are distributed in nature, An adversary host can use two features unique to NDN, namely CS and PIT, to perform DDoS attacks [12] in the router. We focus on attacks that overwhelm the PIT, which keeps record which are not fulfill by a router. The adversary host issues a large set of fake request, which are possibly distributed in nature, to generate a large number of Interest packets with spoofed name as shown in Figure 1.3.1 aiming to (1) overwhelm PIT table in routers, and (2) swamp the target content producers [13][14]. Figure 3.1 [15]: Example of Interest flooding attack Once the PIT is exceed its threshold, all incoming interests are dropped as there will no memory space available to create entries for new resourced interests. Since the names are spoofed, no Interest packets will be satisfied by the content [16]. These packets request will remain in the PIT for as much as possible, which will definitely exhaust the router memory and router resources on routers. This is the goal of Interest flooding attack. 4 Related Works Gasti et al. [17] analyzed the resilience of Named Data networking to the DDOS attacks. The paper discussed two different types of attacks with their effect and proposed two countermeasure mechanisms: a) Router Statistics and b) Push-back approaches. Afanasyev et al. [18] addressed the flooding attack. Their works explain the feasibility of the interest flooding attacks and the requirement of the effective solution. In terms of evaluation of the attack the proposed mitigation plan is complementary to Poseidon mitigation .Afanasyev et al. proposed three different mitigation algorithms: a) token bucket with per interface fairness b) satisfaction-based pushback c) satisfaction-based interest acceptance. All the three algorithms exploit their own state information to stop Interest flooding attacks. Satisfaction based pushback mechanism among three algorithms effectively detect and mitigate the attack and ensure all the interest form a legitimate user. Campagno et at. [19] Addressed the flooding attacks and proposed a mitigation algorithm called Poseidon. This algorithm is strictly used for non-existing type of interest flooding attacks. This mitigation algorithm is used for local and distributed interest flooding attacks. Dai et al. [20] addressed the flooding attacks and proposed a mitigation algorithm. The solution is based on the collaboration of the router and the content producer. Dai et al. proposed Interest traceback algorithm. The algorithm generates a spoof data packet to satisfy the interest in the PIT to trace the originators. According to the, the algorithm is not proactive, that overhead the network by sending out spoof data packet for the interest depleting the bandwidth of the network and creating traffic. The main shortcoming of this approach is that its take the long unsatisfied interest in the PIT as adversary interest and others as legit interest. So the router drops any long incoming interest packet which may be a legitimate interest. Choi et al. [21] addressed the overview of the Interest Flooding attacks for strictly non-existing content only on NDN. The paper tries to explain the effectiveness of the attack in the network and in quality of services. Karami et al. [22] addressed and provide a hybrid algorithm for the solution. The algorithm is proactive. There are two phase 1) detection 2) reaction. In detection phase the attack is detect using combination of multi objective evolutionary optimization and Radial basis function (Neural Network).In the reaction phases an adaptive mechanism for reaction is used to mitigate the attacks. 5 Analysis of survey The following table show the analysis of the all the paper and comparison related only on the project. The table is a comparison of different paper which is written by well-known publishers. The Analysis try to provide a possible research gap that is present on the paper. Table 1.Comparison of different NDN related paper SLno Title Publication Details Summary Research Gap 1 DoS DDoS in Named Data Networking P. Gasti, G. Tsudik, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang. DoS DDoS in named-data networking. Technical report, University of California. Discussed two types of attacks with their effects and potential countermeasures (Router Statistics and Push-back Mechanisms). 1. The paper only put a light on the attack and its possible countermeasures. 2 Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in Named Data Networking A. Afanasyev, P. Mahadevan, I. Moiseenko, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang. Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in Named Data Networking. In IFIP Networking. Proposed three mitigation algorithms. (token bucket with per-interface fairness, satisfaction-based Interest acceptance, and satisfaction-based pushback). 1.Improvements in token bucket with per-interface fairness, satisfaction-based Interest acceptance was less effective than satisfaction based pushback. 3 Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking. A. Compagno, M. Conti, P. Gasti, and G. Tsudik, Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking,Conference on Local Computer Networks. Proposed a framework, named Poseidon, for mitigation of local and distributed Interest flooding attack for non-existing contents 1.Fixed Threshold. 4 A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking. A. Karami and M. Guerrero-Zapata, A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking,Neurocomputing. Introduced an intelligent combination algorithm for the solution. 1.Investigating inter-domain DoS attacks and applying Hybrid approach. 5 Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking S. Choi, K. Kim, S. Kim, and B.-H. Roh,:Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking, in International Conference on Information Networking. Explain the difficulty for getting a solution flooding attacks in the PIT. 1.Analyzing DDoS attacks and their countermeasures. 6 Mitigate ddos attacks in ndn by interest traceback H. Dai, Y. Wang, J. Fan, and B. Liu. Mitigate ddos attacks in ndn by interest traceback. In NOMEN. Introduced a traceback solution where a node sends a spoof data packet to trace the host. 1. Only the request which is long is considered as malicious request. 6 Conclusion This report starts with a brief introduction of the CCN, NDN architecture and which is further followed by common and most critical attacks in todays internet. NDN mainly focuses on the data security, data privacy for the users. This report clearly represents only the starting step for mitigating DDOS attacks on the Pending Interest Table in the context of NDN. In this paper, we have explained DDOS attack and its various types namely, interest flooding attack. We have discussed current research regarding the attack, their existing solution, and try to analyze the given solution for detection and mitigation. The adversary tries to exploit interest forwarding rule to make certain interest for the packet with the never existing content name. We analyzed that the victim of the attack is host and PIT of the router. Thus a huge amount of Interest packet will reside on the PIT of the router which use and exhaust the memory of the router and computing resources of the router which will defin itely degrade the performance of the router. The NDN is the latest ongoing research topic and a new propose Internet architecture where limited research have been done for the mitigation and detection of the interest flooding attack thus there is a very much need for details analysis on the security before the architecture actually deployed. References V. Jacobson, M. Mosko, D. Smetters, and J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves.: Content- centric networking, Whitepaper, Palo Alto Research Center, pp. 2-4 (2007) V. Jacobson, D. K. Smetters, J. D. Thornton, M. F. Plass, N. H. Briggs, and R. L. Braynard,.:Networking named content,in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, ACM(2009) L. Zhang, D. Estrin, J. Burke, V. Jacobson, J. D. Thornton, D. K. Smetters, B. Zhang, G. Tsudik, D. Massey, C. Papadopoulos et al.: Named data networking (NDN) project, Relatorio Tecnico NDN-0001, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center-PARC( 2010) J. Pan, S. Paul, and R. Jain.: A survey of the research on future internet architectures, Communications Magazine, IEEE (2011) A. Hoque, S. O. Amin, A. Alyyan, B. Zhang, L. Zhang, and L. Wang.: NLSR: Named-data link state routing protocol,in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop7Information-Centric Networking, ACM, pp. 15-20(2013) V. Jacobson, J. Burke, L. Zhang, B. Zhang, K. Claffy, D. Krioukov, C. Papadopoulos, L. Wang, E. Yeh, and P. Crowley.:Named data networking (NDN) project 2013- 2014 report,http://named-data.net, Annual Progress Report( 2014) C. Ghali, G. Tsudik, and E. Uzun.: Elements of trust in named-data networking, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, ACM, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1-9 (2014) M. Aamir and S. M. A. Zaidi,.:Denial-of-service in content centric (named data) networking: A tutorial and state-of-the-art survey, Security and Communication Networks, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2037-2059 (2015) M. W ¨ahlisch, T. C. Schmidt, and M. Vahlenkamp.: Backscatter from the data plane threats to stability and security in information-centric networking. CoRR, abs/1205.4778 (2012) Content centric networking (CCNx) project. http://www.ccnx.org. A. Afanasyev, I. Moiseenko, and L. Zhang.: ndnSIM: NDN simulator for NS-3. Technical Report NDN-0005, 2012, University of California, Los Angeles(2012) Wang R, Jia Z, Ju L.: An Entropy-Based Distributed DDoS Detection Mechanism in Software-Defined Networking. InTrustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA, Vol. 1, pp. 310-317(2013) Kumar, K., Joshi, R.C. and Singh, K..: A distributed approach using entropy to detect DDoS attacks in ISP domain. In Signal Processing, Communications and Networking, ICSCN07. International Conference on pp. 331-337(2007) Feinstein L, Schnackenberg D, Balupari R, Kindred D. :Statistical approaches to DDoS attack detection and response. InDARPA Information Survivability Conference and Exposition, 2003. Proceedings Vol. 1, pp. 303-314(2003) Krishnan, R., Krishnaswamy, D. and Mcdysan, D.: Behavioral security threat detection strategies for data center switches and routers. In Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2014 IEEE 34th International Conference on pp. 82-87(2014) Zhang Y.:An adaptive flow counting method for anomaly detection in SDN. InProceedings of the ninth ACM conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies pp. 25-30(2013) P. Gasti, G. Tsudik, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang, DoS and DDoS in named data networking, in 22nd International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), pp. 1-7(2013) A. Afanasyev, P. Mahadevan, I. Moiseenko, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang.:Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in named data networking, in IFIP Networking Conference, pp. 1-9(2013) A. Compagno, M. Conti, P. Gasti, and G. Tsudik,Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking,in 38th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), IEEE, pp. 630- 638(2013) H. Dai, Y. Wang, J. Fan, and B. Liu, Mitigate DDoS attacks in NDN by interest traceback, in Conference on Computer Communications Workshops.(INFOCOM WKSHPS), IEEE,pp. 381- 386(2013) S. Choi, K. Kim, S. Kim, and B.-H. Roh, Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking, in International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), pp. 315-319(2013) A. Karami and M. Guerrero-Zapata.: A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking, Neurocomputing, vol. 151, pp. 1262-1282(2015)

Matthew B. Brady Essay -- essays research papers

Mathew B. Brady: Civil War Photographer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mathew B. Brady: Civil War Photographer was written by Elizabeth Van Steenwyk. Elizabeth Van Steenwyk has written many good books for young people including: Saddlebag Salesmen, The California Missions, Frederic Remington, The California Gold Rush: West with the Forty-Niners, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Woman of Courage. Elizabeth now lives in San Marino, California with her husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mathew B. Brady was born somewhere between 1823 and 1824. His early life is somewhat a mystery. He was born in Warren County in New York and his parents might have been Irish immigrants. His middle name was even a mystery, when asked what the â€Å"B† stood for he said that he inserted it because it seemed â€Å"more distinguished.† When he turned 16 he met William Page, a man wanting to become an artist. The both of them worked together, and Page’s artistic abilities were most likely Brady’s starting interest in becoming a photographer. In 1839 or 1840 Brady and Page moved to New York City. Meanwhile, a French inventor named Louis-Jacques-Mandà ¨ Daguerre was inventing something that would change Brady’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1839 Daguerre invented his camera. Samuel F. B. Morse went over to France to check out Daguerre’s camera. He wrote back to a magazine saying that it was perhaps the greatest invention in this age. When Samuel Morse returned to New York City and started a school for lea...

Abortion :: essays research papers

Sara is driving down 7th avenue in her red pickup truck, in a hurry and traveling well over the speed limit. Becky, who is 3 months pregnant, is waiting to cross the street on the corner of 7th avenue and Bell. The street light changes and Becky is signaled by the crosswalk sign to proceed across the street. Sara is putting in a new CD and not paying attention to the fact that she has a red light, without enough time to stop Sara runs the red light and hits Becky who has just started to cross the street. Now Becky is rushed to the hospital, she is hurt but will live but her baby dies. Should Sara be charged with the death of the unborn baby? On the other hand, Jessica, who is a 16-year-old girl, decides to sleep with an 18-year-old boy. She gets pregnant and has an abortion because she is not ready to be a mother. Should Jessica be charged with the death of an unborn baby? The answer to both of the questions is, yes. Abortion is wrong, cruel and most of all, it goes against the word of GOD.When a woman decides to have sex she is taking the chance of getting pregnant, even if she uses protection. If she doesn't want to get pregnant she shouldn't have sex, and she should be responsible enough to suffer the consequences. For example, Carrie is very promiscuous and finds out that she is pregnant, so she goes and has an abortion. Next time Carrie finds out that she has HIV, well she can't pay someone to get rid of her problem so she has to deal with it. Why shouldn't she have to deal with the fact of being pregnant? There are many other options to killing an innocent human: adoption or raising the child with the help of parents. However, some girls are forced to have an abortion.No matter the reason someone has for an abortion, it is still cruel. Some women are forced to have an abortion either by their parents or their spouse. This circumstance is very hard to argue because the woman who is pregnant is not making the choice and should not be held accountable for it. And that is the only reason anyone might consider having an abortion. Look at it like this, Jeff and Bonnie are building a house, what's the first thing they do?

Capital punishment and why does the Church (Christianity) oppose it so much Essay

Man is a sacred and precious creature created by God.   When God has created the Universe, light, the birds, animals, the trees, water and the earth, he had given a lot of importance to man.   Evidence from the Bible suggests that God had left creating man as his final task, and after he had created man, God was so amazed, satisfied with himself and fulfilled with his own creation, that he decided to rest (on the Seventh day).   Through his creation of man, he had provided a reflection of himself (The Old Testament: Genesis 1).   In deed God has given a lot of importance to man, and no one has the right to take away or destroy the life this very special and beautiful creation of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Countries throughout the World are beginning to understand the importance of capital punishment and are slowly outlawing such laws.   However, certain developed countries such as the US are still encouraging Capital punishment.   The US had stopped capital punishment for some period of time (from 1972 to 1977).   However, the practice resumed again following Gregg V. Georgia case (Horigan, 2004).   Most of the states in the US permit Capital punishment only in very specific instances.   However, the very existence of such an option in the judiciary system, does suggest the States Support to this inhuman act.   The rate of execution in the US has dropped since the 1930’s, but this has no fully ended. The largest number of executions is performed by the State of Texas, and the highest percentage of the population executed by the State is Virginia (Robinson, 2006).   The response of the US public to capital punishment is somewhat mixed.   However, the reaction of the Canadian people to capital punishment was also similar, but the Country has abolished capital punishment.   Depending on the seriousness of their crime, the crimes are imprisoned even for indefinite periods (Robinson, 2006).   Canada has also shown that imposition of capital punishment does not necessarily result in a drop in the crime rates.   The Japanese on the other which permit capital punishment have a crime rate much below that of the US. Hence, it can be demonstrated that capital punishment may not play an important role in crime (Robinson, 2006).   In the US, many people who have been executed by the law, were found not even to be given a proper lawyer during their trials. Several states in the US that have capital punishment in their legal systems seem to have a higher criminal rate than those which do not have capital punishment (Robinson, 2006).   People may feel that by incorporating capital punishment in their legal systems, the State is cheapening the value of human life.   Hence, the crime rates in such states are on the rise.   Several other factors such as poor socio-economic status, low educational levels, poor living conditions, etc, may be related with an increase in the crime rates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Church has seriously opposed the use of capital punishment in case of serious crime.   Pope John Paul II has opposed the imposition of death penalty by the State (Dulles, 2001).   Christians give a lot of importance to life and have opposed any action that could result in the ‘violation to the right to life’ such as murder, abortion, suicide, euthanasia, etc.   Christians usually feel that as God has controlled life, no one including the Governments and the Courts can take away a human life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Old Testament, death was specifically suggested to those who had sinned or committed offences (such as murder and adultery).   The Sacred Covenant during Noah had mentioned that anyone who offenders and disobeys God be stoned or hanged to death.   Several episodes in the Old Testament such as those of with Korah, Dathan, and Abiram (Numbers 16), have given instances in which capital punishment was performed to penalize sinners.   People who helped to execute the will of God by ending the life of the offenders were considered as Agents of God.   Many Countries of the World still follow the Old Testament of capital punishment in penalizing serious crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, things have changed since the New Testament times.   Although Jesus Christ had not spoken much about the use of capital punishment by the state, indirect instances are present in the New Testament which may suggest that Jesus was against the practice of capital punishment.   One of these instances included the Stoning of a woman who had sinned.   Jesus did not allow his disciples to pronounce curses of destruction of death on people who did not have feelings of love towards others. In John 19:11, Jesus told Pilate that he had the authority to sentence anybody who had sinned against God, and that Pilate had the right to fulfill God’s intentions.   In Matthew 26:52, Jesus told Peter to put back his sword when he was arrested.   Jesus even put back the soldier’s piece of ear, after Peter had cut it with his sword.   In Luke 23: 41, Jesus tells the thief crucified on his side, that they were receiving punishment for the sins that they had committed on earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Christianity believed in the concept of ‘love thy neighbor as thy self’, and Jesus in his preaching expressed that this feeling should be extended to every aspect of life.   We could potentially extent its application for use to prevent capital punishment.   In the New Testament after Christ, there may be several instances in which capital punishment was encouraged.   However, these instances may not directly support capital punishment.   In Acts 5: 1-11, capital sentences were imposed because they disobeyed Simon Peter.   The Letter to the Hebrews also encouraged the Mosaic Laws on capital punishment. St. Paul told the Romans that death sentence was a mean of expressing God’s intentions against sinners.   However, there have also been instances in the New Testament in which the Church and Christians have opposed death sentence.   During the early Christianity period, the Church did not approve Christians to function as executioners of death sentences (Dulles, 2001).   St. Augustine felt that the Fifth Commandant should be utilized even to prevent execution of death sentences and killing of criminals.   He wrote an entire book about Capital punishment named The City of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The idea of capital punishment changed a bit during the Middle Age.   Christianity had some influence on the people, and the Courts were told to impose capital punishment only for people who committed serious crime.   This was mainly as a self-defense mechanism to prevent the criminals from committing further crime and to ensure that the society was safe.   Some of the theologists felt that capital punishment was more of a hatred act against the criminal than one to enable him to reform in the future (Dulles, 2001).   Even though the Church opposed death sentence, it constituted a body to pronounce and capital punishment. The Church even conferred the State the power to issue death sentences in the later part of the 16th century.   It derived this power from the Commandant â€Å"thou shall not murder†, and it was performed in several instances.   Slowly the Church began to approve capital punishment only in the case the criminal committed a serious crime.   Slowly the attitude of the Church towards capital punishment began to change as they felt that life was a precious gift given by God and it was morally wrong to take one’s life for sins committed.   The Italian thinker Gino Concetti, wrote a Book L’Osservatore Romano in 1977, demonstrating the importance and sacredness of God-given life.   He said that humans could not destroy the life of another human, and even the criminals who had performed serious crimes should not be punished with death sentence.    He said that there should not be any circumstance in which capital punishment was justified as no person had the right to take the life of another and destroy one of God’s precious creations.   We should be able to respect the view that God is expressing himself in man.   This work had really changed the attitudes of Christians and the Church towards capital punishment. Many people felt that the Church itself did not respect or identify this view of life before.   There was a uproar against capital punishment in the 20th century in Europe.   Several European countries who believed in Christianity began to incorporate the latest teachings and beliefs of the Church in their Legal systems.   The Governments began to underhand the importance of life (Dulles, 2001). Since, the criminal is also a human being; he is a precious creation of God and has a reflection of God in himself.   His actions have an element of God expressed in it.   Hence, it would be morally wrong to even punish the most serious criminals with capital punishment.   In the Old Testament, the view that a criminal action should be punished with a similar action by the law-enforcement agency existed.   However, a person may be expressing the Will of God through his actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Christianity has developed over a long period, and now it does not permit both, direct destruction (taking the life of a specific person) and indirect destruction (actions performed without the intention of killing another person).   In some instances, taking the life of another person by mistake may be pardoned by the Church.   The Church is also against any individuals taking the life of another on the advice of the State (Pesenke, 1981). God does not allow one human to take the life of another because God is the creator of the human beings and can create or destroy a life.   Any person who takes the life of another with a mental intention is sinning against God.   A Human life is the most precious work of God, and destroying it would be against the Will of God.   No political or legal body in the World has the right to interfere with God’s creation.   It is not justified for any Court or King to take the life of any individual including a criminal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many countries feel that capital punishment should be permitted at least to end the life of criminals who committed serious crimes.   They may also be considering that it would be a cheaper option to end the life of such criminals than to punish them with life-imprisonment.   However, the legal and the political systems should not cheapen human life, and should consider them as important to God.   Having capital punishment options in the legal system is not going to reduce crimes.   It is essential that the Government provides a socio-economic environment that may permit development and reduce frustration of the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Jews believed firmly in capital punishment and permitted it following murders, adultery, worship of idols, war crimes, and kidnapping.   They feel that capital punishment would ensure that the society is safer from the actions of the criminals in the future.   They also feel that anybody who destroys God-given creations should be punished with death sentence.   A counsel usually issues death sentences in Jewish courts.   The court will examine the criminal during the trial and 2 neutral witnesses should provide evidence for the case.   As the process of issuing capital punishment under Jewish laws is very stringent, such sentences may usually occur less frequently. In several situations (such as wars, emergencies, dealing with non-Jewish criminals, etc), the stringent process is relaxed and death sentences are issued more easily.   In such situations Noah-Laws are usually applicable.   Usually just one neutral witness is required (FAQ, 2006).   During the later part of the 20th century, Jewish thinkers began to oppose the use of capital punishment by the legal system.   The ideas of Christian theologists are now being followed by the Jewish thinkers with regard to death sentence.   Only in extremely serious crimes are capital punishment allowed by Jewish courts (FAQ, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment is not only an ineffective way of dealing with crime (as it does not reduce the crime rate), but is also an immature way (as hatred and revenge are spread).   It also cheapens the importance of God-given life.   The Government should look at alternative to punish or reform the criminals. References: Dulles, A. C. (2001). â€Å"Catholicism & Capital Punishment.† First Things 112, 30-35. http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=2175%20 FAQ (2006). Question 12.21: What is the Jewish position on Capital Punishment? Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from FAQ.org   Web site: Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance from Web site: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/06-Jewish-Thought/section-22.html Horigan, D. P. (1996). Buddhism & Capital Punishment. Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from The Engaged Zen Foundation from Web site: http://www.engaged-zen.org/articles/Damien_P_Horigan-Buddhism_Capital_Punishment.html Pesenke, H. C. (1981). Christian Ethics: Volume II – Special Moral Theology in the Light of Vatican II, Bangalore: TPI. Robinson, B. A. (2006). Facts about capital punishment: Part 1: data & trends. Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance from Web site: http://www.religioustolerance.org/execut3.htm The Bible Gateway (2007). Genesis 1 (New International Version). Retrieved on April 8, 2007, from The Bible Gateway from Web site: http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=genesis+1

Jerome K. Jerome “A Victim to One Hundred and Seven Fatal Maladies”

The text is written by an English writer and humorist Jerome K. Jerome, best known for the comic travelogue â€Å"Three Men in a Boat†. The story is about one young healthy men who thought he became â€Å"a victim to one hundred and seven fatal maladies†. The story is written by a humorist, that’s why it contains a lot of different funny moments and special stylistic devises. The first one we met already in the name of the story â€Å"A victim to one hundred and seven fatal maladies†. This phrase has an ironical tone. We understand that one man can’t have one hundred and seven fatal maladies at once.The title let us to understand that something will be wrong with the main character, but probably the author will just ridicule certain type of people. So, one man after reading some medical books decided that he had all of fatal diseases at once, and came to the doctor to tell about his trouble. The doctor said nothing but wrote a prescription, which he lped the patient to recover, despite it didn’t contain any medicaments. The story can be divided into 3 logical parts – story proper, climax and denouement.The story has no exposition, because it begins directly with activity of the main character, who was sitting in the library and reading a book about diseases. In the story proper we knew the whole information about the central character of the story. Generally, the text is built around such human character trait as hypochondria. The author chose an interesting way to describe this mental instability – the whole text is written with irony. We can feel it already in the beginning of the story: â€Å"I sat for a while frozen with horror; and than in despair I again turned over the pages.I came to typhoid fever – read the symptoms – discovered that I had typhoid fever – began to get interested in my case, and so started alphabetically†¦ and the only disease I had not got was housemaidâ €™s knee†. After these words we understand what kind of man is the main person and may be smb. found himself in it. It’s very funny to read about the man who thought he had all the diseases of the world, but honestly speaking if I was on his place I would be scary because of all these diseases.The main person impressed me because in spite of such number of diseases he didn’t cry, shout or go into hysteric, conversely he apples to himself with irony. We can feel it in his thoughts and statements: â€Å"I sat and thought what an interesting case I must be from a medical point of view. Students would have no need to â€Å"walk the hospitals† if they had me. I was a hospital in myself. All they need do would be to walk round me, and, after that, take their diploma† or during the conversation with the doctor â€Å"I will not take up your time, dear boy, with telling you what is the matter with me.Life is short and you might pass away before I had fi nished. But I will tell you what is not the matter with me. Everything else, however, I have got†. I think that hypochondria of the main personage is in a bad case, because he had not only all the symptoms of the diseases he had read in the book, but even thought up several complications. To describe this the author used antithesis: â€Å"I tried to examine myself. I felt my pulse. I could not at first feel any pulse at all.Then, all of sudden, it seemed to start off. I pulled out my watch and timed it. I made it a 100 and 47 to the minute. I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating†. The climax of irony and self-irony of the story, I think, is in these 2 phrases – â€Å"I had walked into the reading-room a happy, healthy man. I crawled out a miserable wreck†. It’s very funny and very sad simultaneous, because we understand that the only disease this man had was his mental instability.And the main character itself un derstood that he was absolutely happy and healthy man before he read about the diseases, but after it he felt totally ill, even though he understood nothing in medicine and he could not determine if he had those symptoms or not. The denouement of the story comes gradually from the visiting of the doctor through the situation in the chemist’s up to recovery of the main person. The key role here played the doctor. He knew our personage for a long time and was his old chum, that is why he immediately understood what was going on and what was the matter with the patient.The doctor knew an approach to this person. He wrote such a funny prescription, because he knew that suspicious people like to treat themselves and he knew that the patient would follow each word he wrote in the prescription. And the focus succeeded – the man ate 1 pound beefsteak and drank 1 pint bear every 6 hours, made 1 ten-mile walk every morning, and took 1 bed at 11 every night, and, lo and behold, à ¢â‚¬â€œ â€Å"I followed the directions with the happy result that my life was preserved and is still going on†.Happy end ? So, the story is over, but I think it is the end only for one part of the whole story, I mean the story of the personage’s life. I think it is not the end, because the question is the difficult mental trouble and one funny prescription can’t solve this seriously problem. I think that man would be happy and healthy until he read one more book or article or watched a TV-show about a new fatal disease. People with such problems must consult not with subject matter experts but with mental specialists, and only in this case they will have chance to become really happy and healthy.